State Violence in California’s Prisons and Jails

22,000 Uses of Force: Hidden Violence of Militarized Weapons in California Prisons and Jails

California jails and prisons use force against prisoners to an extraordinary degree, frequently with militarized equipment such as rubber bullets, pepper spray, and tear gas—and the problem is getting worse. The American Friends Service Committee documents this hidden practice in a new report and calls for changes to end this state violence. Read the report.

In the three years of 2021-2023, state prison staff documented 22,315 uses of force against prisoners. Rubber bullets, tear gas, batons, and pepper spray were used against incarcerated people an average of more than 10 times every single day, on a population of just 95,000 people. 

Prison and jail personnel’s use of militarized equipment is primarily and disproportionately carried out against people with mental illness. It is hidden from public view and faces little or no accountability, as procedural and legal avenues for incarcerated people who are subject to such violence are extremely limited.


Hover over a circle to show use of force (UOF) in that prison.

Steps to end this state violence  

No one deserves to experience this violence. California’s prisons and jails must address the overwhelming use of violence and militarized weaponry against people held in their custody, especially those with mental health diagnoses, and stop the pervasive deployment of military equipment in prisons and jails. The American Friends Service Committee urges the following: 

  • California Department of Justice: Instruct the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and county sheriffs to fully implement AB 481’s requirements to publish policies for each type of military equipment the agencies possess, including disclosure of quantities of these weapons.  
  • Journalists, advocates, researchers, and local and state government officials in California: Investigate the widespread use of violence against people in prison, especially those with mental health diagnoses, in California prisons and jails.  

  • The California State Auditor: Perform an audit on the extent, causes, and consequences of the use of violence against people in California prisons and jails.  
  • California and its county governments: Adopt and fund measures that provide adequate upstream and crisis care and access to supportive housing for people who experience mental illness or substance use disorders.  
  • California lawmakers and governor: Significantly reduce the agency’s spending on this equipment in the 2024-2025 $19 billion budget proposed for the CDCR. 
  • State lawmakers and county governments: Ban the use of the indiscriminate Stingball weapons in county jails and state prisons 

Learn More

Acknowledgements 

The American Friends Service Committee thanks many who assisted in the research for this report, especially Madeline Adee, Jessica Niewohner, Rohini Haar, Barbara Atwell, Wendy Alfsen, and a person incarcerated in Santa Rita Jail, whose name is withheld at their request to safeguard against potential retaliation. John Lindsay-Poland coordinated the report, assisted by Jennifer Tu. Aija Suuta designed the report. Susannah Zietz created graphs and a map.